1. Definition of Instructional Design (ID). What does an ID do? Include an annotation if any.
Instruction Design is an approach, a method and a system development to develop education and training programs. The whole process includes the analysis of learning needs and development of how the system is being delivered to the audience and meeting their needs. It is a never ending process in which, there are trials and evaluation before releasing the final product.
An Instructional Design is the one that designs the e-learning materials or e-courseware, they have to think of what does the learners need to learn and will it be effective for the learners to learn from the materials or not.
Reference: http://www.umich.edu/~ed626/define.html
2. Principles or elements of Instructional Design. Include an annotation if any.
Graphic Design of Instructional Design
- Use layout to convey meaning and relationship
Instructional Designers can’t assume that learners understand things from the designs that the instructional designers designed. If there is an image, an illustration or text is needed in order to create a relationship between them. Like mentioned a picture worth a thousand words, so how will the learners know which is the correct information?
Instructional Designers can’t assume that learners understand things from the designs that the instructional designers designed. If there is an image, an illustration or text is needed in order to create a relationship between them. Like mentioned a picture worth a thousand words, so how will the learners know which is the correct information?
- Use pattern and repetition to organize your contents.
Pattern of writing text on the materials, will the learners prefer to read when all the words are chunked together or in paragraphs which line spacing in between? Does the learners read using the ‘F’ shape pattern?? These are the factors we got to consider. - Use just the right image. No More.
Graphics and text need to support the learning objective of the course. More images means more distraction. A simple image will tell the learner something, decorative images on the screen to fill in the blank areas are confusing for the learners.
Principles or Elements of Instructional Design
Learners, Objectives, Methods and Evaluation are the principles and elements of the instructional design.
The learners and their characteristic, we need to know more about the learners; what are their academic backgrounds- Are they studying in a primary, secondary or tertiary level?
Secondly, the psychology of the learners, different age groups has different mindsets. Young learners would prefer to work in a group, while those older ones prefer to work individually or with group. This also consider whether the learners have different primary languages or with disability.
Thirdly, their learning style, how does an individual learn? Some people learn things through motivation, while others can have different reasons.
Last but not least, Motivation, motivation is important for the learners as they want to learn more as self-improvement, salary and status advancement.
Objectives of the instructions are to have effective learning by designing appropriate instructions, preparing and guiding the learners. The objectives can be address by cognitive domain, psychomotor domain and affective domain.
Methods of Instructions - the way that the content is being delivered. Sequencing the content helps the learner to achieve the objectives.
3. Give 2 Models of Instructional Design. Include an annotation and a graphic if you find one.
1st model: The Assure Model
Assure stands for
A : Analyze Learners,
S : Select standards and objectives
S : Select Strategies, materials and media and technology
U : Utilize technology, materials and media
R: Requires learner's participation
E: Evaluate and revise
Firstly, the analysis of the learner, what are their age group, educational level, the psychology of the target audience and many more, in order to design and implement the instruction. A Primary school students might prefer colorful and very interactive program in order to learn, however a person studying in a secondary or tertiary industry might prefer to have a balance in words and interactivity.
Secondly, select standards and objectives, refers to the intended expectations and outcomes. Like what will the students learn after doing the e-learning material. Firstly, the material should specify what are the intended expectations and outcome like "After this lecture, students will learn more about the design process."
Thirdly, select Strategies, materials and media and technology, select and modify existing content and creating new contents. Look at the objectives of the lesson, what are the strategies is suitable to be delivered to the learner? is it through powerpoint, games, lectures, it can be any delivery method. Other than strategies what type of media and technology are needed to complete the task? the usage of computers or others?
In addition to the 3 steps, there are 3 more steps, Utilized technology, media and materials, preview of all the materials before giving it to the learners. the reviewing is needed to see whether it is appropriate for that student's level or not. if it's too difficult or too easy, adjustments can be made at this stage.
Require learner's participation, this is the stage where learners need to participate in order to get frequent feedback on their performance, they will participate in discussions, group work and even in assessments.
Evaluate and revise, evaluate the student performance and revise the materials,if they can't accomplish the task as mentioned on their learning objectives, there is a need for change.
In conclusion, the steps are in chronological order, it can't be skip as it is the way to evaluate whether the learning material is useful or not.
Reference:
http://www.mscd.edu/~act2/courseconstruct/assure.html
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/models/assure.html
2nd Model: Dick and Carey Model
There are nine stage in this model, which are,
stage 1: Identify Instructional Goals
It means that the e-learning must state out the objective of the topic. It must clearly say that what the learners should be able to do at the end of the lesson, and it must meet the learners requirement.
stage 2: Conduct instructional Analysis
Instructional designer should identify the instructional steps that will help the learner to meet their goals. It means the educator need to analyses the learner's behavior and plan how they should put the information in the e-learning in a way that the learner can benefit and learn from it.
stage 3: Analyze learners and Context
also need to plan and gather the information of the learners and context. While they are planning what they should put in the slide as mentioned above(instructional analysis), designers will analyses what the learner will learn and change it if necessary. Learner's prior skill, preference and attitude are determined.
stage 4: Write performance Objectives
The e-learning will include how the learners should performance. For example, you should score 40/50 in the quiz. The designer want the learner to perform well.
stage 5: Develop assessment instrument
The designer need to develop assessment like short questions to test the learners
stage 6: Develop instructional strategy
Based on the information above (stage 1 to 5), the designer are required the instructional strategy. which are, pre instructional activities, presentation of information, practice and feedback and testing and follow through activities.
stage 7: Develop and select instructional material
After the designer select their materials after going through the above stage, they will start to develop the material(e-learning)
stage 8: Design and conduct formative evaluation of instruction
Several instruction are conducted such as one to one evaluation, group evaluation and field evaluation.
This is because evaluation can improve on the instruction.
stage 9: Revise Instruction
The findings of the formative instruction are used to revise the instructions. Instructional analysis, assumptions about entry behaviors and learner profile is validated again.
reference : http://archiespeaksout.blogspot.com/2008/08/dick-and-carey-model.html
S : Select Strategies, materials and media and technology
U : Utilize technology, materials and media
R: Requires learner's participation
E: Evaluate and revise
Firstly, the analysis of the learner, what are their age group, educational level, the psychology of the target audience and many more, in order to design and implement the instruction. A Primary school students might prefer colorful and very interactive program in order to learn, however a person studying in a secondary or tertiary industry might prefer to have a balance in words and interactivity.
Secondly, select standards and objectives, refers to the intended expectations and outcomes. Like what will the students learn after doing the e-learning material. Firstly, the material should specify what are the intended expectations and outcome like "After this lecture, students will learn more about the design process."
Thirdly, select Strategies, materials and media and technology, select and modify existing content and creating new contents. Look at the objectives of the lesson, what are the strategies is suitable to be delivered to the learner? is it through powerpoint, games, lectures, it can be any delivery method. Other than strategies what type of media and technology are needed to complete the task? the usage of computers or others?
In addition to the 3 steps, there are 3 more steps, Utilized technology, media and materials, preview of all the materials before giving it to the learners. the reviewing is needed to see whether it is appropriate for that student's level or not. if it's too difficult or too easy, adjustments can be made at this stage.
Require learner's participation, this is the stage where learners need to participate in order to get frequent feedback on their performance, they will participate in discussions, group work and even in assessments.
Evaluate and revise, evaluate the student performance and revise the materials,if they can't accomplish the task as mentioned on their learning objectives, there is a need for change.
In conclusion, the steps are in chronological order, it can't be skip as it is the way to evaluate whether the learning material is useful or not.
Reference:
http://www.mscd.edu/~act2/courseconstruct/assure.html
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/models/assure.html
2nd Model: Dick and Carey Model
There are nine stage in this model, which are,
stage 1: Identify Instructional Goals
It means that the e-learning must state out the objective of the topic. It must clearly say that what the learners should be able to do at the end of the lesson, and it must meet the learners requirement.
stage 2: Conduct instructional Analysis
Instructional designer should identify the instructional steps that will help the learner to meet their goals. It means the educator need to analyses the learner's behavior and plan how they should put the information in the e-learning in a way that the learner can benefit and learn from it.
stage 3: Analyze learners and Context
also need to plan and gather the information of the learners and context. While they are planning what they should put in the slide as mentioned above(instructional analysis), designers will analyses what the learner will learn and change it if necessary. Learner's prior skill, preference and attitude are determined.
stage 4: Write performance Objectives
The e-learning will include how the learners should performance. For example, you should score 40/50 in the quiz. The designer want the learner to perform well.
stage 5: Develop assessment instrument
The designer need to develop assessment like short questions to test the learners
stage 6: Develop instructional strategy
Based on the information above (stage 1 to 5), the designer are required the instructional strategy. which are, pre instructional activities, presentation of information, practice and feedback and testing and follow through activities.
stage 7: Develop and select instructional material
After the designer select their materials after going through the above stage, they will start to develop the material(e-learning)
stage 8: Design and conduct formative evaluation of instruction
Several instruction are conducted such as one to one evaluation, group evaluation and field evaluation.
This is because evaluation can improve on the instruction.
stage 9: Revise Instruction
The findings of the formative instruction are used to revise the instructions. Instructional analysis, assumptions about entry behaviors and learner profile is validated again.
reference : http://archiespeaksout.blogspot.com/2008/08/dick-and-carey-model.html
4. What is the difference between Curriculum vs. instruction?
Curriculum is about what is taught. For example, educators are given a time frame and teaching materials to teach the student, in the two hour of lesson we are going to learn coding etc. These are part of the curriculum. In short, curriculum is a road map for learning. Whereas instruction is how the educator is going to teach his student. The educator must plan on how are they going to teach their student (For example, a quiz before lecture, or a lecture before quiz). They must decide in a way that the learners can understand well and the information are best imparted to them. The relation between both are close.
Curriculum is about what is taught. For example, educators are given a time frame and teaching materials to teach the student, in the two hour of lesson we are going to learn coding etc. These are part of the curriculum. In short, curriculum is a road map for learning. Whereas instruction is how the educator is going to teach his student. The educator must plan on how are they going to teach their student (For example, a quiz before lecture, or a lecture before quiz). They must decide in a way that the learners can understand well and the information are best imparted to them. The relation between both are close.
5. Explain the difference between theories of instructional design and theories of learning.
What is learning of theories?
There are three sets of learning theory generally used in educational circles under the headings of: behaviorist, humanistic and cognitive. Basically, it means that how people learn.
What is instructional design?
Instructional design is the study of how to best design instructions so that learning will take place. In order words, it means that learners can learn and benefit from the instruction given.
Therefore, the difference is that learning theories is the attitude of the learners(how they learn? for example, intrinsic or extrinsic rewards), while instructional design is the systematic approach to plan and produce learning and instructional materials, and to ensure that the learning goal are accomplished.
Reference
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/edp511/isd1.html
What is learning of theories?
There are three sets of learning theory generally used in educational circles under the headings of: behaviorist, humanistic and cognitive. Basically, it means that how people learn.
What is instructional design?
Instructional design is the study of how to best design instructions so that learning will take place. In order words, it means that learners can learn and benefit from the instruction given.
Therefore, the difference is that learning theories is the attitude of the learners(how they learn? for example, intrinsic or extrinsic rewards), while instructional design is the systematic approach to plan and produce learning and instructional materials, and to ensure that the learning goal are accomplished.
Reference
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/edp511/isd1.html
